The European pallet, also known as the EPAL-certified Euro pallet, is one of the most widely used and standardized elements in modern logistics. Its design, dimensions and certification have been key to optimize loading, transport and storage processes in Europe and in international trade.
An in-depth knowledge of the characteristics of the European pallet not only improves operational efficiency, but also reduces costs, increases safety and complies with current logistics regulations.
What is an European pallet (EPAL)?
The European pallet, also known as Euro pallet, is a standardized load platform used for the transportation, storage and handling of goods.
It is a fundamental system in modern logistics, since it optimizes distribution processes and ensures compatibility with means of transport, storage systems and handling machinery.
The main characteristic that defines the European pallet is its standard dimension of 800 x 1200 mm, which facilitates its integration into trucks, containers and industrial racks designed for this format.
This measure responds to a historical need to unify logistics criteria within the European territory, guaranteeing interoperability between different agents in the supply chain.
A bit of history
The origin of the European pallet dates back to the 1960s, when European rail operators decided to unify load formats to facilitate the exchange of goods between countries. The 800 x 1200 mm design was adopted as standard by the UIC (International Union of Railways ).International Union of Railways), giving rise to what became known as UIC 435-2.
Over the years, and in view of the need to control the quality and durability of reusable pallets, the European Pallet Association (EPA) was founded. European Pallet Association(EPAL) was founded in 1991. Since then, EPAL has managed the manufacturing, exchange and quality control system for these pallets in Europe and other international markets.
Today, the EPAL-certified European pallet is one of the most widely used pallets in the world and is considered a critical tool in efficient supply chain management.
European pallet dimensions and technical specifications
The European pallet certified by EPAL is distinguished by standardized dimensions and technical characteristics that allow its efficient use in all links of the logistics chain, from the warehouse to international transport.
These specifications ensure compatibility with racks, containers, transport vehicles and handling equipment such as pallet trucks and forklifts.
Standard dimensions
Length: 1200 mm
Width: 800 mm
Height: 144 mm
Usable area: 0.96 m²
Approximate volume: 0.15 m³
These dimensions are designed to optimize space in European trucks and ISO containers, allowing two pallets to be placed crosswise or three pallets lengthwise in a standard trailer.
Weight and load capacity
Empty pallet weight: between 22 and 25 kg (depending on the moisture content of the wood).
Dynamic load (in motion): up to 1,500 kg.
Static load (stacked at rest): up to 4,000 kg.
Rack load (on rack): up to 1,000 kg.
These values may vary slightly depending on the condition of the pallet and the conditions of use, but they represent the reference parameters established by EPAL.
Materials
The European pallet is traditionally made of solid wood, preferably pine, spruce or poplar. This choice combines strength, durability and ease of repair.
Although plastic or cardboard versions are available, only wooden pallets can carry the official EPAL certification.
The pieces that compose it are:
-11 upper and lower tables.
-9 blocks of pressed or solid wood (which act as dowels).
-78 nails distributed according to a specific pattern.
Heat treatments and phytosanitary regulations
All certified European pallets must comply with the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures ISPM-15. International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures ISPM-15which requires heat treatment of wood to prevent the spread of pests in international trade.
HT (Heat Treatment): the wood is heated to a minimum temperature of 56 °C for at least 30 minutes in the center of the material.
This treatment is marked on the side of the pallet with the HT stamp, together with the country of origin, the manufacturer’s number and the EPAL logo.
Manufacturing standards
European pallets must be manufactured according to the UIC 435-2 standard and certified by EPAL. To this end, they must comply with:
-The use of certified nails distributed according to a specific pattern.
-Accuracy in measurements and symmetry.
-Proven mechanical resistance.
–Traceability through visible markings on the side blocks.
European Pallet Types (EPAL / UIC)
The European pallet system regulated by EPAL and the UIC is not limited to a single format. There are several types of approved pallets that share standards of quality, traceability and logistical compatibility, but vary in dimensions and applications.
These models can be adapted to different types of loads, industrial sectors and transport requirements.
The main formats officially recognized in the European system are listed below:
Table of standardized European pallets
| Pallet type | Dimensions (mm) | Dimensions (inches) | Main use |
|---|---|---|---|
| EUR 1 | 800 x 1200 | 31,5 x 47,2 | Standard format most used in Europe. Overland transport, warehouses, automation. |
| EUR 2 | 1200 x 1000 | 47,2 x 39,4 | Widely used in industrial sectors, especially in countries such as Germany, where its compatibility with ISO containers is valued. |
| EUR 3 | 1000 x 1200 | 39,4 x 47,2 | Similar to EUR 2 but with reverse orientation. Used in automotive and heavy machinery. |
| EUR 6 | 800 x 600 | 31,5 x 23,6 | Half pallet. Retail logistics, promotions, light transport. Very easy to handle. |
Characteristics common to all EPAL pallets
🏗️ Manufactured under UIC 435-2 standard and verified by EPAL.
🌡️ Heat-treated wood (HT) according to ISPM-15 standard, suitable for international export.
🔖 EPAL seal visible on at least one of the side blocks.
🔄 Standardized exchange system throughout Europe.
⚙️ Compatibility with pallet trucks, forklifts and industrial shelving.
🔩 Use of certified nails and standardized distribution for structural strength.
Differences between European pallet and American pallet (GMA)
The European pallet (EPAL) and the American pallet (GMA) are the two most widely used palletizing standards worldwide. Although their function is the same, to facilitate the transport and storage of goods, they have key differences in dimensions, logistical applications and geographical context that directly affect operational efficiency and international compatibility.
European and American pallet comparison table
| Feature | European Pallet (EPAL) | American Pallet (GMA) |
|---|---|---|
| Length x Width | 1200 x 800 mm | 1219 x 1016 mm |
| Dimensions in inches | 47.2 x 31.5 in | 48 x 40 in |
| Usable area | 0,96 m² | 1,23 m² |
| Standard height | 144 mm | 127 mm approx. |
| Empty pallet weight | 22-25 kg | 15-22 kg (depending on material) |
🔍 Key difference: The American pallet has a larger surface area, but the European format is optimized to fit perfectly on European trucks and trailers, allowing two pallets per width without leaving empty space.
Comparative table in the geographic scope and context of use.
| Feature | European Pallet (EPAL) | American Pallet (GMA) |
|---|---|---|
| Predominant use | Continental Europe | United States, Canada, LatAm |
| Manufacturing standard | UIC 435-2 / EPAL | GMA / ISO 6780 |
| Participation in exchange systems | Yes (EPAL Pool) | No (closed use) |
| Logistic compatibility | European discharge | High in retail and automation |
Main uses of the European pallet in logistics and transportation
The European pallet is a key tool in logistics operations due to its standardization, resistance and compatibility with the main transport and storage systems.
Its design responds to the real needs of the industry and allows for a more efficient and secure management of goods throughout the supply chain.
Their most common uses in different logistics environments are detailed below:
Land transportation: optimization of truck space
Thanks to its dimensions of 800 x 1200 mm, the euro pallet allows two pallets per width to be placed inside a standard European trailer (2.40 m), leaving no empty spaces. This feature significantly improves the optimization of cargo space and reduces operating costs by allowing more goods to be transported in fewer trips.
In addition, its robust structure ensures greater stability during transport, reducing the risk of damage and facilitating efficient stowage on trucks, vans or platforms.
International transportation and exports
Although the Euro pallet is designed specifically for the European market, it is widely accepted in international exports, provided it complies with the phytosanitary standard ISPM-15, required by most countries outside the EU. This allows its use in:
- Maritime cargoes in containers (20′ and 40′).
- Air transport (when high resistance with lower volume is required).
- Multimodal operations (combination of truck, train and ship).
Standardization and traceability facilitate compliance with customs and logistics requirements in demanding markets.
Warehousing in logistics centers
The European pallet is fully compatible with the most widely used storage systems in Europe:
- Conventional racks (selective racking).
- Flow racking or FIFO.
- Automated systems (AS/RS).
- Block stacking.
Its design allows for uniform weight distribution and excellent mechanical strength, both in static and dynamic loading. In addition, the standardized dimensions allow automating entry and exit processes in warehouses, improving operational efficiency.
Integration in automated handling systems
The euro pallet is widely compatible with handling machinery and logistics automation:
- Manual and electric pallet trucks.
- Front and reach forklifts.
- AGVs (automated guided vehicles).
- Robotic palletizing and depalletizing systems.
This compatibility makes it the best choice for industrial environments looking to streamline their workflows and reduce manual intervention in repetitive or low value-added tasks.
Retail distribution and cross-docking
In high-turnover environments such as distribution distribution logisticsthe euro pallet allows fast and safe handling of goods. Its standardized design makes it ideal for operations of:
- Cross-docking (sorting without intermediate storage).
- Deliveries to logistics platforms of large distributors.
- Direct replenishment at points of sale, especially in formats such as half pallets (EUR 6).
Practical conclusion
The European pallet is not only a physical standard, but also an operational standard. Its use makes it possible to synchronize processes between suppliers, logistics operators, warehouses and distributors, reducing handling times, improving traceability and increasing overall efficiency.
Advantages of using euro pallets in the supply chain
The use of the European pallet (EPAL) has established itself as an essential practice in modern logistics due to its ability to improve operational efficiency, reduce costs and ensure cargo security.
Thanks to its standardization and controlled quality, the euro pallet facilitates collaboration between different logistics players and minimizes incidents along the supply chain.
The main advantages are detailed below:
1. Standardization and compatibility
The euro pallet is manufactured according to strict standards (UIC 435-2 / EPAL), which guarantees:
Uniform dimensions: facilitates transportation and storage planning.
Full compatibility with vehicles, racking, automated systems and handling machinery.
Interchangeability between logistics companies and customers without the need to adapt equipment.
This level of standardization reduces errors, waiting times and additional adaptation or transpalletization operations.
2. Reduction of logistics costs
The use of European pallets optimizes resources at various logistical stages:
Greater use of space in trucks and warehouses.
Reduced handling time due to compatibility with forklifts and automated systems.
Reduced damage to goods due to its structural resistance.
Minimization of additional operations (such as repacking or repalletizing).
All this translates into a direct reduction in operating and logistics costs.
3. Reuse and circular economy
EPAL certified European pallets are designed for multiple uses. Their durability allows:
-Be repaired when they present minor damage.
-Participate in pooling systems, extending their useful life.
-Are recycled or reconditioned at the end of their cycle.
This approach makes them a solution aligned with sustainable logistics and circular economy principles, increasingly valued by customers and environmental regulations.
4. Safety and resistance
The euro pallet is designed to withstand high loads without deformation or breakage:
-Up to 1,500 kg in dynamic load and 4,000 kg in static load.
Manufactured with heat-treated wood and special nails distributed with precision.
-Greaterstability in loading and stacking.
This translates into greater safety for operators, carriers and goods, reducing the risk of workplace accidents and damage losses.
5. Improved traceability and control
EPAL pallets are visibly marked for identification:
-The authorized manufacturer.
-The country and year of manufacture.
-The heat treatment applied (HT).
-The official EPAL certification.
This facilitates packaging traceability, improves customs controls and provides greater confidence in regulated environments, such as food, pharmaceutical or international exports.
EPAL exchange system and reverse logistics
One of the main strengths of the European pallet is its integration into a controlled exchange system, which allows these pallets to be reused efficiently and safely among multiple actors in the logistics chain. This model reduces packaging costs, minimizes waste and promotes more sustainable logistics.
What is the EPAL exchange system?
The EPAL exchange system, also known as “open pool”, allows EPAL-certified pallets to circulate freely between manufacturers, distributors, carriers, logistics operators and retail outlets without the need for direct return to the original supplier.
Basic operation:
-A supplier delivers goods on EPAL pallets.
-The receiver of the goods accepts and stores these pallets.
-In a subsequent operation, the receiver returns equivalent EPAL pallets (in quantity and condition) to the supplier or another member of the system.
If they are not returned, they will be credited or replaced by an authorized supplier.
🔍 Important: only pallets that meet EPAL standards and are in good condition can participate in this system. Damaged pallets must be repaired by approved workshops before being reintroduced into the circuit.
Logistical advantages of the EPAL system
💸 Cost reduction: since it is not necessary to purchase new pallets for each operation, packaging costs are reduced.
⚡ Operational efficiency: direct return operations (individual return logistics) are eliminated, speeding up deliveries.
📦 Constant availability: as part of a shared system, companies can easily replenish pallets.
🔍Traceability and control: EPAL pallets are marked and identified, ensuring transparency and traceability.
🌱 Sustainability: promotes the prolonged and repairable use of the pallet, reducing resource consumption and waste generation.
European pallet and reverse logistics
The EPAL system is a clear example of efficient reverse logistics efficient, i.e. the planning and management of return flows in the supply chain. In this case:
-The pallet is not discarded after its first use.
-It is collected, sorted, repaired and reused, closing the product life cycle.
This enables companies to meet environmental responsibility objectives and optimize their operations.
In addition, many large retail chains, manufacturers and logistics operators integrate the use of EPAL pallets into their circular economy models, promoting more responsible logistics.
Applicable standards and certifications
The European pallet is not simply a standardized logistics product: it is backed by a solid regulatory framework that governs its manufacture, traceability, phytosanitary treatment and reuse. These regulations are key to ensuring its quality, safety and legality in national and international trade.
EPAL (European Pallet Association)
The European Pallet Association e.V. (EPAL) is the international organization that manages, regulates and certifies the production and repair of European pallets under the EPAL system. Founded in 1991, EPAL is responsible for:
Establish the technical manufacturing criteria (dimensions, materials, nail distribution, etc.).
-Certify manufacturers and authorized repairers.
-Quality control through regular audits around the world.
–Promote the open exchange system (EPAL pool).
✅ Only pallets manufactured or repaired by authorized members and marked with the EPAL seal can be part of the official system.
ISPM-15 (ISPM-15): Phytosanitary Treatment
The International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 (ISPM-15), developed by FAO, regulates the treatment of wood packaging material used in international trade to prevent the spread of forest pests.
All European pallets destined for export outside the EU must:
Heat Treatment (HT): the wood is subjected to at least 56 °C for 30 minutes in the core of the material.
Be marked with a specific stamp indicating:
- The country code (for example, ES for Spain).
- The registration number of the manufacturer or treater.
- The acronym “HT” and the symbol IPPC.
- The EPAL seal of quality.
❗ Important note: Compliance with ISPM-15 is mandatory in countries such as USA, Canada, China, Australia or Brazil. The use of pallets without this treatment may result in the rejection of goods at customs or penalties.
Technical manufacturing standards (UIC)
Technical Standard UIC 435-2 establishes the technical and dimensional requirements for European pallets. It was developed by the International Union of Railways (UIC) and serves as the basis for:
- Design and structural strength guidelines.
- Uniform manufacturing in all member countries.
- Interoperability in European rail transport.
EPAL adopts and complements this standard with its own quality controls and brand management.
Across Logistics: experts in intelligent logistics
At Across Logistics we know that a good logistics operation starts long before transportation. The choice of pallet type, its suitability for the load and its compatibility with the container can make the difference in cost, time and safety.
Our team advises you at every stage of the process, from the selection of the most suitable pallet to the optimization of container space. We only work with certified pallets and we plan each shipment so that your goods travel in optimal conditions, complying with all regulations.
If you’re looking for a logistics partner that pays attention to detail and thinks real efficiency, count on Across Logistics.
Sources consulted
Official and technical sources have been used in the preparation of this article to guarantee the accuracy and timeliness of the information:
EPAL – European Pallet Association: Official specifications of the different types of European pallets, manufacturing standards and interchange system.
👉 https://www.epal-pallets.org/eu-en/
UIC – Union Internationale des Chemins de fer: UIC Standard 435-2 on technical and dimensional requirements for the European pallet.
IPPC / FAO – ISPM-15 (ISPM-15): International standard for the phytosanitary treatment of wood packaging material in foreign trade.
GS1 – Global Standards for Logistics: Global standards for traceability of logistics units and pallet labeling.
