The American pallet, also known as GMA pallet, is the most widely used logistics standard in the United States, Canada and most of Latin America. Its 48 “x 40” format has established itself as the basis for palletizing in sectors such as food, retail, large-scale distribution and manufacturing.
Designed to meet the demands of massive and highly automated logistics, the GMA pallet allows seamless integration with industrial racking, robotic systems, distribution centers and ground transportation platforms.
Unlike the European model, its adoption has taken place in a more flexible and less centralized environment, which has generated multiple variants in materials, finishes and systems of use (closed, reusable or single-use).
In this article we analyze in detail the technical characteristics, the types of American pallets, their main applications, advantages, limitations and differences compared to the European standard. We also explain why it is essential to know these particularities if your company exports or imports goods to or from the North American market.
What is the American pallet (GMA)?
The American pallet, also known as the GMA pallet, is a standardized logistics platform that is widely used in the United States, Canada and Latin America. Its name comes from the Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA), an industry organization that for decades brought together the leading manufacturers and distributors of FMCG products in the U.S., and which promoted the adoption of a common format to facilitate the efficient movement of goods throughout the supply chain.
The standard defined by the GMA specifies a pallet of 48 x 40 inches (1219 x 1016 mm), mostly made of wood, although there are also variants in plastic, cardboard and composite materials. This format represents approximately 30% of all pallets used in the United States and is considered the default model in most logistics centers, production plants and distribution warehouses.
A standard designed for retail and automation
Unlike pallets designed to optimize space in trailers or containers, the GMA pallet responds primarily to the needs of mass distribution of palletized products, especially in the food, beverage, cosmetics, drugstore and other fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sectors.
Its structure has been optimized for:
- Operate smoothly on conveyor belts and automated systems.
- Integrate into conventional shelving and rack storage systems.
- Allow quick handling with forklifts or pallet trucks, thanks to its 4-way access.
These characteristics have made it the ideal pallet for environments with high turnover volumes and intensive distribution, such as large U.S. retailers (Walmart, Costco, Kroger, etc.).
One model with variations according to use and supplier
Although the GMA pallet has fixed base dimensions, its manufacture is not regulated by a single organization (as is the case with the EPAL in Europe), so there are significant differences between manufacturers, especially in:
- Wood quality and number of intended uses.
- Structural strength.
- Condition of the pallet (new, reconditioned or second use).
- Type of construction: block pallet (blocks) or stringer pallet (beams).
These variations make it especially important to verify the condition and technical specifications of the GMA pallet when used in international or automated operations.
GMA pallet dimensions and technical specifications
The American pallet establishes a set of specifications that define its standard design within the U.S. logistics system. Although there are variations depending on the manufacturer or the condition of the pallet (new, reconditioned, class A, B or C), the base format is widely recognized and used by most players in the North American supply chain.
Standard dimensions
| Specification | Value |
|---|---|
| Length | 1219 mm (48 inches) |
| Width | 1016 mm (40 inches) |
| Average height | 127-152 mm (5-6 inches) |
| Usable area | 1.23 m² (13.3 ft²) |
| Weight (empty) | 15-22 kg (33-48.5 lb) |
Most common materials
Solid wood– the most commonly used option. Made from boards and beams of pine, poplar or other economical species. It is resistant, economical and easy to repair.
Plastic: light, hygienic and durable, but more expensive. Recommended in industries with sanitary requirements (food, pharma).
Cardboard or pressed fiber: used for occasional shipments or air exports, due to their low weight and cost. Generally single use.
The versatility of the standard allows different materials to coexist under the same dimensions and operational compatibilities.
Pallet structure: block vs. stringer
There are two main structural configurations:
Block pallet: built with blocks in the corners and center, allowing full access by all four ways. It is the most common in modern GMA pallets.
Stringer pallet: uses longitudinal beams (stringers) as a base, which can limit access to two lanes if not beveled. Most common on older or reconditioned pallets.
👉 Block pallets offer better stability and greater compatibility with automated systems, which is why they are preferred in large logistics centers.
Load capacity
| Type of load | Average capacity |
|---|---|
| Static load | Up to 2,086 kg (4,600 lb) |
| Dynamic load | Up to 1,134 kg (2,500 lb) |
| Shelf load | Up to 998 kg (2,200 lb) |
These figures may vary according to the type of construction, the condition of the pallet and the manufacturer. In critical or automated operations, it is recommended to check with the supplier for specific values.
Applicable regulations
Although the GMA pallet is not managed by a single entity such as EPAL in Europe, its use in international trade requires compliance with:
- ISPM-15: Mandatory heat treatment for wood pallets used in exports.
- Hygiene standards if used in food or pharmaceutical industries (especially in plastic versions).
Types of pallets in the American standard
Although the GMA pallet corresponds to a set of standard dimensions (48 x 40 inches), in practice there are several categories and configurations that differ depending on the condition of the pallet, its structure, the materials of manufacture and the type of intended use.
Understanding these differences is essential to select the most suitable format according to the type of cargo, the logistics environment and the end customer’s requirements.
Classification by state: Class A, B, and C.
This classification is common in companies that sell, recondition or reuse wooden pallets. It is based on the physical and functional condition of the pallet:
Class A (Premium or reconditioned type A)
Pallets in excellent condition, clean and with minimal repairs.
No broken or missing boards.
Suitable for automated environments or high quality standards.
Class B
Functional pallets, but with visible signs of use.
Repaired, with mixed boards or woods of different tones.
Used in less demanding environments or for internal transport.
C-Class
Pallets with evident deterioration or multiple repairs.
Lower durability and possible incompatibility with automation.
Often used for a single logistic cycle or as scrap.
👉 This classification is key when purchasing reconditioned pallets or participating in high volume logistics circuits.
Structure types: Block vs Stringer
As we saw in the previous section, the type of construction affects resistance and accessibility:
Block pallet
Accessible on 4 sides (4-way entry).
More resistant, stable and compatible with automation.
Preferred standard for large distribution chains.
Stringer pallet (beam pallet)
Generally accessible by 2 ways, although some are beveled.
Less robust and more prone to deterioration.
Still used in certain industrial environments or as economic pallets.
Single-use vs. reusable pallets
One-way pallets
Manufactured with lighter or cheaper materials.
They are not designed for multiple cycles.
Common in exports, promotions or low return shipments.
Reusable pallets (multi-trip)
More robust and repairable structure.
Suitable for internal logistics, pooling or closed circuits.
Higher return on investment in the long term.
Alternative materials
Plastic
Hygienic, durable, moisture and chemical resistant.
Ideal for food, pharma or automated logistics.
Not repairable, but recyclable.
Cardboard / pressed paper
Lightweight and inexpensive.
Used in air transport or exports without return.
Generally single-use.
Treated wood
The most common choice for its balance between cost, strength and ease of repair.
Related content.
- How to Import from the U.S. to Spain: A Complete Guide for Businesses
- How to export from Spain to the USA: A complete guide for companies.
Logistic uses of the American pallet
The American pallet (GMA) is the basis of millions of daily logistics operations in North America. Its standardized design and integration into automated distribution systems make it a key tool in sectors such as retail, food, transportation and industrial warehousing.
The main uses of the GMA pallet along the logistics chain are described below:
Distribution centers and large retail distribution (retail)
The GMA pallet is the reference format in the distribution centers of large U.S. chains such as Walmart, Target and Costco. Its 48 “x 40” structure has been adopted by:
Supermarket chains and wholesalers that require standardized pallets for incoming goods.
Automated grading systems that require uniform measurements to operate without errors.
Direct store replenishment, especially for fast-moving products.
This intensive use has led to many suppliers having to adapt their packaging and palletizing to the GMA format to meet the inbound requirements of distributors.
Land transportation and regional distribution
Thanks to its dimensions, the GMA pallet fits perfectly in:
North American truck trailers (8 feet wide), allowing for efficient loading.
Cross-docking environments, where speed of handling and standardization are needed to reduce errors.
Local, regional or interstate distribution routes, especially for palletized mass consumer goods.
Its structure allows for safe stacking, good stability and easy loading/unloading with conventional equipment.
Industrial production and storage
In production plants, GMA is widely used for:
Mobilize components, raw materials and finished products within the facility.
Serve as a loading base in robotized processes, thanks to its compatibility with palletizing and depalletizing systems.
Can be integrated into standard industrial racks without the need for adaptations.
Many automated logistics centers in the U.S. are specifically designed to handle GMA pallets, making it an essential format in high-volume operations.
International trade and exports
Although the GMA is not the most efficient pallet for ocean transport, the maritime transport (due to the fact that it does not optimize the space in 20 “or 40” containers), it is frequently used in:
Exports from North America, provided the pallet has been heat treated (HT) in accordance with ISPM-15.
Shipments to markets that accept this format without restrictions, such as some Latin American countries or global logistics centers with compatible machinery.
📌 However, when exporting to Europe or other regions that use the EPAL format, it may be necessary to transfer or adapt the palletization, which adds costs and operations.
Integration with automation systems
One of the great strengths of the GMA pallet is its compatibility with automated processes, especially in:
-Picking systems picking automatic picking and sorting systems.
-Automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) and transporters.
-Robotic storage systems (AS/RS).
This level of integration has been key to its consolidation as a standard in retail and high efficiency logistics.
Advantages of the GMA pallet in the supply chain
The GMA pallet is not only the most widely used pallet in North America, but also represents a functional standard that provides consistency, efficiency and adaptability throughout the logistics chain. Its design, compatibility with automated systems and wide availability make it a reliable solution for high-volume operations.
The main advantages are detailed below:
Dominant standard in North America
The 48 “x 40” format is the most widespread in the U.S., Canada and most of Latin America.
Most logistics centers, warehouses and retailers work with this format by default.
This facilitates interoperability between suppliers, logistics operators and distributors, without the need to adapt systems or machinery.
Compatibility with automation
The GMA pallet is designed to be easily integrated into automated warehousing and distribution systems.
Compatible with:
-Roller conveyors.
-AGVs (automatic guided vehicles).
-Robotic palletizing systems.
-Automated storage racks.
This enables faster, safer and more efficient operations, especially in high-performance centers.
Flexibility in its construction
Unlike other more rigid standards, GMA can be manufactured in different materials and configurations:
-Wood, for general and economic uses.
-Plastic, for hygienic and reusable environments.
-Cardboard or light materials, for single use or air transport.
It also allows for variations in strength, weight and accessibility according to logistical needs.
High market availability
Mass production and the presence of multiple manufacturers ensure a large supply of new and reconditioned GMA pallets.
This facilitates rapid replenishment and access to different grades (class A, B, C) depending on the budget or type of operation.
Rental or pooling services are also available, although less structured than in Europe.
Competitive cost
Standardized manufacturing and competition among suppliers allow to maintain a tight unit price, especially for wooden pallets.
In addition, its durability and repairability make it cost-effective for internal or multi-cycle logistics operations.
Limitations and operating considerations of the GMA pallet
Although the GMA pallet offers multiple advantages in the North American market, its use outside this context or without prior analysis can generate certain logistical and operational limitations. Knowing them in advance allows better decisions to be made according to the type of operation, destination and level of technical requirements.
Incompatibility with European vehicles and racks
The size of the GMA pallet (1219 x 1016 mm) is not optimally suited to the standard trailers and racks on the European market, which are designed for the EPAL pallet (800 x 1200 mm).
In land transportation in Europe:
-It is not possible to load two GMA pallets crosswise without gaps.
-This wastes space and increases the cost per unit transported.
In storage: May be incompatible with automated or conventional racking designed for EPAL.
Absence of a centralized control system
Unlike the European pallet, which is regulated by the European Pallet Association (EPAL), the GMA pallet does not have a single organization that oversees its manufacture, repair or traceability.
This results in:
-Differences in quality among manufacturers.
Increased risk of finding pallets in poor condition, especially in the second-hand market.
-Lack of total standardization in critical or automated operations.
👉 It is essential to verify the supplier’s technical specifications if compatibility with machinery or automated systems is required.
Reduced efficiency in maritime containers
The GMA pallet does not make optimal use of the interior space of ISO containers (20 “and 40”), which were initially designed with European or international dimensions in mind.
This involves:
-Empty spaces between loads.
-Less useful volume per shipment.
-Possible cost overruns in international logistics, especially if adapted palletization is not planned.
Increased need for adaptation in exports
When exporting from the U.S. to regions with other standards (such as Europe or Asia), this may be necessary:
Re-palletize the goods at destination.
-Adapt packaging for other formats.
-Coordinate with the receiver to ensure equipment compatibility.
This adds time, cost and complexity to the operation if not properly managed from the outset.
Variability in resistance and conditions
Not all GMA pallets are the same. Variations between class A, B or C, or between different materials, may affect:
-The load resistance.
-Durability.
-Safety in transport or handling.
In critical operations, using a poor quality or damaged pallet can lead to incidents or rejections at receiving.
Key differences between the American pallet and the European pallet
GMA (American) and EPAL (European) pallets are the two most widely used standards worldwide. Although their function is the same, to serve as a platform for transporting and storing goods, they have significant differences in measurements, manufacturing, logistical compatibility and regulations.
Knowing these differences is essential for companies operating in international trade or working with suppliers and customers on both sides of the Atlantic.
See this article for the key differences: European Pallet
Recommendations for exporting with GMA pallets
The GMA pallet is widely used in exports from the United States, Canada and Latin American countries. However, since it is mainly a North American standard, its use in international operations requires proper planning to avoid compatibility problems, customs rejections or logistical cost overruns.
Here are the main recommendations if you are going to use GMA pallets in export operations.
1. Make sure you comply with the ISPM-15 standard.
If the pallet is made of wood and exported outside the U.S., it must be heat-treated according to the following standards ISPM-15.
Must be HT (Heat Treated) stamped with:
- Country code (e.g. US)
- Manufacturer’s or processor’s identifier
- IPPC Symbol
Pallets without HT treatment may be rejected at the border by phytosanitary authorities.
✅Recommendation: if you buy new or reconditioned pallets, check with the supplier that they are certified for export.
2. Assess compatibility with the country of destination.
Not all countries are ready to receive GMA pallets. For example:
In Europe, warehouses usually work with EPAL pallets.
In Asia, there is a mix of regional and ISO standard formats.
This may cause:
- Difficulty in unloading and storing merchandise.
- Need to repalletize at destination.
- Logistical penalties or delays.
✅ Recommendation: check with your logistics agent or the receiving customer which formats he accepts.
3. Optimizes cargo in sea containers
The GMA pallet is not designed to fit the inside dimensions of a standard 20 “or 40” container, which creates empty spaces between loads.
This reduces loading efficiency and increases the cost per unit transported.
✅ Recommendation: consider alternatives such as:
- Partial palletizing without pallet.
- Use of slip sheets.
- Temporary conversion to European format if the volume justifies it.
4. Clearly document pallet specifications
Including the pallet information in the product data sheet, packing list or logistics quotation can avoid misunderstandings at customs or at the point of destination.
Details:
- Pallet type (GMA, block/stringer).
- ISPM-15 treatment.
- Dimensions and weight.
- Number of units per container.
✅ Recommendation: standardize this information in your export operations to facilitate traceability and logistic control.
Consider repalletizing at destination if necessary.
If the destination country works exclusively with another standard (such as EPAL), it may be more efficient to ship with GMA and repalletize upon arrival.
This option adds cost, but can be more cost-effective than poor stowage or customs rejection.
✅ Recommendation: discuss this possibility with your logistics operator depending on the volume, frequency of shipments and customer requirements.
How can Across Logistics help you?
At Across Logistics we understand that efficient exporting starts long before transportation. Factors such as the choice of pallet type, compatibility with the country of destination or container space utilization can make the difference between a profitable operation and a logistical problem.
Our team advises you for:
Select the most suitable pallet according to the type of goods, destination and means of transport.
Comply with international regulations, such as ISPM-15, avoiding rejections or sanctions.
Optimize palletization to reduce costs and gain loading efficiency.
Plan alternatives such as repalletizing at destination or slip sheets, when it is more profitable.
With global experience and local knowledge, at Across we make sure your logistics operations run smoothly, safely and without surprises. Because in international logistics, every technical decision counts.
